miércoles, 26 de diciembre de 2007

Más señales de recalentamiento: El ahorro neto es casi inexistente

La economía argentina continúa creciendo a un ritmo elevado, pero al mismo tiempo las señales de recalentamiento se multiplican e intensifican, sugiriendo que lo más prudente sería comenzar a trabajar en pos del aterrizaje suave.


Los datos del PIB correspondientes al tercer trimestre de 2007 arrojaron un crecimiento de 8,7% real anual y una tasa promedio para los primeros nueve meses del año de 8,4%.

Con estos datos, lo más probable es que la tasa de crecimiento real (oficial) resulte levemente superior a 8% promedio anual en 2007. Sin embargo, por las razones que detallamos a continuación, mantenemos nuestra proyección de 5% real anual para 2008 (con un piso superior a 3% real anual).

El motor de la expansión continúa siendo el consumo (privado y público), explicando 80% de la misma. En tanto, la inversión bruta aportó otro 33% y el sector externo (exportaciones menos importaciones) continuó con su contribución negativa (-13%).

Pero, hay dos señales de recalentamiento (adicionales al proceso inflacionario que analizamos en la sección anterior) que se intensificaron significativamente:

1) La contribución negativa del sector externo ha sido sostenida a partir de 2005 y está en línea con el boom de consumo interno. En particular, el consumo privado ya acumuló tres trimestres consecutivos con tasas de crecimiento superiores al PIB.
Durante los primeros 9 meses del año el ahorro neto de la economía (superávit corriente) se contrajo a un ritmo elevado, tanto en términos nominales (-18%) como reales (-52%).

El resultado corriente nominal cayó desde un nivel de 5,5 puntos porcentuales del PIB durante los primeros 9 meses de 2006 a 3,7 puntos porcentuales durante el mismo período de 2007.

La contracción fue mucho más significativa cuando se consideran las mediciones reales, ya que se desplomó desde 2,1% del PIB durante los primeros tres trimestres de 2006 a menos de 1% durante el mismo período del presente año.

Nos referimos al ahorro neto de inversión. Esta variable es clave para saber si en el corto plazo la demanda agregada tiene espacio para crecer por encima del PIB en una economía con acceso restringido a los mercados de capitales mundiales.

La divergencia entre ambas mediciones se explicó por el efecto aún favorable que tiene el contexto internacional vía el sostenido incremento de nuestros términos de intercambio (6,1% con respecto a los primeros nueve meses de 2006).

Pero la evolución es más negativa cuando se analizan los datos trimestrales, pues estos señalan que el superávit corriente real representó poco más de 0,3% del PIB durante el tercer trimestre del presente año, cuando 12 meses atrás ese guarismo era de 2,5%. Esto implica un ritmo de deterioro muy elevado.

¿Qué significa esto? Que prácticamente ya no queda espacio para que la demanda agregada real siga creciendo a un ritmo superior al PIB, sin que se registre alguno o todos de los siguientes fenómenos:

A) Endeudamiento externo que permita financiar el diferencial, lo que implicaría comenzar a correr déficit corriente creciente y perder una de las principales fortalezas macro de Argentina.4

B) Más inflación, de forma que el aumento de los precios corrija el exceso de demanda agregada.

C) Menos inversión como porcentaje del PIB, de forma que una parte creciente de lo que se hubiera destinado a inversión financie el consumo presente.5

¿Cuál es la otra alternativa? Que el proceso de crecimiento se desacelere, particularmente vía consumo, de forma que la tasa de crecimiento del PIB y de la demanda agregada converjan y el proceso de inversión no se resienta.

Por último, el nivel actual de apalancamiento vía altos precios internacionales de nuestras exportaciones es tan elevado (sin ellos casi no habría ahorro neto) que el nivel de vulnerabilidad de la economía (desaceleración brusca) frente a una contracción de los mismos es muy grande.

2) El proceso sigue desbalanceándose a favor del sector servicios. Durante los primeros 9 meses de 2007 los servicios lograron promediar una tasa de crecimiento real de 8,6% anual frente a una de 7,6% por el lado de bienes. Es decir, el diferencial de tasas ya llegó a 1 punto porcentual. Un año atrás, la situación era la inversa. Los sectores productores de bienes crecían 1 punto porcentual por encima del conjunto de los sectores prestadores de servicios, liderando el proceso de crecimiento.

La mayor parte de los sectores productores de servicios enfrentan la demanda derivada del crecimiento de los sectores de bienes. Con lo cual, esta divergencia no puede sostenerse de forma indefinida. En algún momento, el sector servicios deberá comenzar a converger al ritmo de crecimiento de los sectores de bienes. Cuanto mayor sea el diferencial, más abrupta será la convergencia.

Sintetizando, el incremento del desbalanceo deja en claro que lo más prudente sería comenzar a trabajar en pos del aterrizaje suave de la economía, de forma de evitar un proceso más brusco.

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